![]() Rinse all glassware directly into the waste container using a wash bottle.Īny unused portion of the unknown sample should be discarded in the hazardous-waste container. If any acid comes into contact with your skin or eyes, immediately rinse the affected areas with copious amounts of water for 15 minutes, and inform your instructor.Īll the waste chemicals generated by this lab are toxic and must be disposed of in the hazardous-waste container in the fume hood. Exercise appropriate caution when using all concentrated acids and bases in this lab as they can cause serious chemical burns to your skin.The PPE for this lab includes safety goggles, lab coat and nitrile gloves.The entire analysis scheme is represented in abbreviated form using the follwing flow chart:įigure 1: GROUP III CATIONS ANALYSIS SCHEME Appraising the Nation's Ground-Water Resources, USGS General Information publication\].Water Dowsing, USGS General Information publication.The area must be thoroughly tested and studied to determine these facts. Hydrologic, geologic, and geophysical knowledge is needed to determine the depths and extent of the different water-bearing strata and the quantity and quality of water found in each. To locate groundwater accurately, however, as to depth, quantity, and quality, several techniques must be used. This explains why many dowsers appear to be successful. Some water exists under the Earth's surface almost everywhere. In a region of adequate rainfall and favorable geology, it is difficult not to drill and find water! The natural explanation of "successful" water dowsing is that in many areas underground water is so prevalent close to the land surface that it would be hard to drill a well and not find water. This man is using a hazel twig to find water on the land around his farm.Ĭase histories and demonstrations of dowsers may seem convincing, but when dowsing is exposed to scientific examination, it presents a very different picture. ►► Find out how hydrologists locate groundwater. Because the drilling and development of a well often costs more than a thousand dollars, homeowners are understandably reluctant to gamble on a dry hole and turn to the water dowser for advice. Water dowsers practice mainly in rural or suburban communities where residents are uncertain as to how to locate the best and cheapest supply of groundwater. When she/he passes over a source of water, the butt end of the stick is supposed to rotate or be attracted downward. The dowser then walks back and forth over the area to be tested. The bottom or butt end of the "Y" is pointed skyward at an angle of about 45 degrees. In the classic method of using a forked stick, one fork is held in each hand with the palms upward. Other dowsers may use keys, wire coat hangers, pliers, wire rods, pendulums, or various kinds of elaborate boxes and electrical instruments. "Water dowsing" refers in general to the practice of using a forked stick, rod, pendulum, or similar device to locate underground water, minerals, or other hidden or lost substances, and has been a subject of discussion and controversy for hundreds, if not thousands, of years.Īlthough tools and methods vary widely, most dowsers (also called diviners or water witches) probably still use the traditional forked stick, which may come from a variety of trees, including the willow, peach, and witchhazel. ![]()
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